References

Conference

ICCS International Conference on Complex Systems, http://necsi.org/events/iccs/iccscover.html

ICSB International Conference on Systems Biology, http://www.icsb2001.org/

IPCAT International Workshop on Information Processing in Cells and Tissues,http://www.etro.vub.ac.be/Research/LAMI/Research%20Topics/evol/ipcat/welcome.html

ISMB International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, http://www.ismb02.org/

PSB Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, http://psb.stanford.edu/

RECOMB International Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology, http://www.erpland.org/recomb/

[72]

[1] Evolutionary Timeline http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/geo_timeline.html

[1] The Extinction of Evolution, http://alumni.engin.umich.edu/~jxm/evolextin.html

[2] The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm

[3] Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart – pth ed, “Biology: the unity and diversity of life”; Brooks/Cole, (2001), ISBN 0-534-57546-3, p255.

[4] Evolutionary and Geological Timelines, http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/geo_timeline.html

[5] Life on Mars 3.6 billion years ago, http://www.uark.edu/depts/physics/about/alumni/1997/maurer.html

[6] History and diversity of life on earth, http://www.cord.edu/faculty/landa/courses/e103w00/sessions/history1.html

[7] Life's First Scalding Steps, http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc99/1_9_99/Bob1.htm

[8] Macroevolution, http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/36.Tempo&Mode.1.HTML

[9] Rate of Evolution and Unification of Evolution Theories, http://www.pku.edu.cn/academic/xb/97/_97e619r.html

[10] Limits on the Rate of Evolution, http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~otto/Talks/PWIAS/Overheads.html

[11] Horse Evolution, http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/horses.html

[12] Peter Bentley, “Evolutionary Design by Computer”, Morgan Kaufmanns Publishers, (1999), ISBN 1-55860-605-X, pp 446

[13] Webster’s New World Dictionary 1970.

[14] Negrotti, Massimo; “The Theory of the Artificial”; Jan (1999), 160 pages. ISBN 1-871516-55-2

[15] Exploring the Fourth Dimension Exploring the Fourth Dimension http://www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/vision/4D.htm Other related links http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/fish/fisheyes/fisheyes01.html

[16] Daniel C Dennett, “Kinds of Minds”, (1996), ISBN 0-465-07351-4

[17] Robert Haskell’s “Cognition and symbolic Structures: The Psychology of Metaphoric”, Ablex Publishing Corp, (1987)

[18] High Performance Systems, Inc., http://www.hps-inc.com

[19] Mcell, A General Monte Carlo Simulator of Cellular Microphysiology, http://www.mcell.cnl.salk.edu/

[20] VCELL The National Resource for Cell Analysis and Modeling (NRCAM), http://www.nrcam.uchc.edu/

[21] ECELL, http://www.e-cell.org/

[22] James Bower, David Beeman, “The Book of GENESIS”, Springer teleos, (1998), ISBN 0-387-94938-0, pp459

[24] MAXIS, Sims, http://www.maxis.com/us/

[25] Crushed by Deep Blue, Kasparov lashes back at IBM, http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/11/chess.update/

[26] Computer Challenges World's Chess Champion, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/33_folder/33_articles/33_kasparovibm.html

[27] Peter Menzel, Faith D’Aluisio, Robo sapiens Evolution of a New species, MIT Press, (2000), ISBN 0-262-13382-2, pp240.

[28] Animat Vision: Active Vision in Artificial Animals, http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/VIDE/001/articles/Terzopoulos/

[29] MIT Leg Laboratory, http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/leglab/simulations/simulations.html

[30] Robo-Roach and the Future of Artificial Organisms, http://www.myroad.com/insights/hottopic/index.asp?topic=phys_arch16

[31] Santa Fe Institute, http://www.santafe.edu/

[32] Complex Systems Bibliography, http://life.csu.edu.au/complex/library/biblio/artificial.html

[33] An Evolutionary Approach to Synthetic Biology:, http://www.isd.atr.co.jp/~ray/pubs/zen/

[34] Modeling of Plants and Fractals with Lindenmayer Systems, http://www2.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/~jacob/LSystems/LSystems-Tutorials.html

[35] Visual Models of Morphogenesis: A Guided Tour, http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/Redirect/bmv/vmm-deluxe/TitlePage.html

[36] ALife: Hype or Science?, http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~alife/bmcm9704/node2.html

[37] Computational Embryology Workshop, http://mbi.dkfz-heidelberg.de/mbi/seminars/CompEmb01/

[38] Artificial Life: Synthetic Vs. Virtual, http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Papers/Harnad/harnad93.artlife.html

[39] Representations of Artificial Intelligence in Cinema, http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbf/AImovies.htm

[40] Reinventing the leaf , http://www.nature.com/nsu/991007/991007-3.html

[41] Molecular motor, http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,21698,00.html

[42] Marie Curie Research Institute's MCRI Molecular Motors Group, http://194.82.114.11/motorhome.html

[43] DNA Computer, http://dna2z.com/dnacpu/dne.html

[44] . The concept of emergence, http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/coPubl/97e.EKS/emerg.html, http://el.www.media.mit.edu/groups/el/projects/emergence/contents.html

[45] Patentability of Higher Life Forms, http://www.contactcanada.com/articles/article86.html

[46] What is Biomedical Engineering?, http://www.msoe.edu/eecs/be/profession.shtml

[47] Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frankhome.html

[48] The Popular Response to Science and Technology, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/admin/reg/turney/314syll.doc

[49] Receptions and interpretations of new technologies, http://www.georgetown.edu/irvinemj/technoculture/

[50] The film, Blade runner.

[51] Dimension Films., http://www.dimensionfilms.com/pls/front_con/dim_movie_page.body?midStr=669

[52] Sentient Rights, http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~cboese/classes/102WEB/gilligan/rcotter1.htm

[53] Ethical Obligation To Genetic Research, http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~cboese/classes/102WEB/skipper/dbrunso1.htm

[54] The Ethics of Synthetic Life Forms, http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~cboese/classes/102WEB/skipper/jmorela1.htm

[55] Genetically Enhanced Cardiovascular Implants, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HL-93-019.html

[56] Polo Nazionale di Bioelettronica, http://www.pst-elba.it/fondazione/main1_eng.html

[57] Physical Enhancement Page, http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Individual/Body/index-2.html#GENE

[58] Embracing Change with All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering, http://www.changesurfer.com/Hlth/Genetech.html

[59] Pioneering the Future, http://www.extropy.org/eo/editorial2.htm

[60] The History of Medicine: The Middle Ages 500AD - 1500AD, http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/gcse/medicine6.htm

[61] Biology’s last taboo, http://sdevoto.web.wesleyan.edu/PDFs&Movies/knight2001.pdf

[62] The Turning test page, http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html

[63] The Golden Road To Unlimited Totalitarianism, http://www.rense.com/general2/goldn.htm

[64] Richard Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype

[65] Scott Turner, “The Extended Organism: The Physiology of animal-Built Structures”, (2000), Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674001516, pp384

[66] James Grier Miller, “Living systems”, McGraw-hill Book Company, (1978), ISBN 0-07-042015-7.

[67] The Extinction of Evolution, http://alumni.engin.umich.edu/~jxm/evolextin.html

[68] The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm

[69] Physical Enhancement Page, http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Individual/Body/index-2.html#GENE

[70] Embracing Change with All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering, http://www.changesurfer.com/Hlth/Genetech.html

[71] Timeline of Evolutionary Thought, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evotmline.html

[72] Unable to locate the Web site this image came from.

My Big News

posted Oct 15, 2009, 8:02 AM by google@webetize.com [ updated Jul 23, 2012, 7:05 AM ]

References

Kenneth Ford, Clark Glymour, Patrick Hayes; “Android Epistemology”, MIT Press, (1995), ISBN 0-262-06183-8, pp316

Nadia Magnenat Thalmann and Daniel Thalmann, “Artificial Life and Virtual Reality”, John Wiley & Sons, (1994), ISBN 0-471 95146 3, pp228

Christopher Adami, Richard Belew, Hiroaki Kitano, and Charles Taylor, “Artificial Life VI”, MIT Press, (1998), ISBN 0-262-51099-5, pp498

Christoph Adami, “Artificial Life”, Springer, (1998), ISBN 0-387-94646-2, pp374

Artificial Minds, Stan Franklin, Bradford Books MIT Press, (1995), ISBN 0-262-06178-3, pp 449

Geoff Simons, “Biology of computer Life”, (1985), Whitstable Litho Ltd., ISBN 0-8176-3298-0, pp 236.

Daniel Dennett, “Brainchildren Essays on Designing Minds”, MIT Press, (1998), ISBN 0-262-54090-8, pp 418

Christie, John. ‘A Tragedy for Cyborgs’, Configurations, 1, 1, (1993), 171-196.

Cook, Roger., Phillip K. Dick: Reason, “Mind and Being” http://www.geocities.com:80/CollegePark/Quad/1506/PKD-ESSA.HTM

Davis, Mike. Beyond Blade Runner: “Urban Control The Ecology of Fear”, (1995) http://mediamatic.nl/magazine/8*2/Davis-Urban.html

Jean-Arcady Meyer, Alain Berthoz, Dario Floreano, Herbert Roitblat, and Stewart Wilson; “From animals to animates 6”, MIT Press, (2000), ISBN 0-262-63200-4, pp 540

Gibson, William, “Neuromancer”, London: Voyager, (1995), Originally Victor Gollancz, 1984).

Harraway, Donna. Simians, “Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature”, New York: Routledge, (1991).

Katherine Hayles, “How we became Post Human”, University of Chicago Press. (1999), ISBN 0-226-32146-0, pp 350.

Q Wiener, “Magnificent Myth, Patterns of Control in Post-Industrial Society”, Pergamon Press, (1978), ISBN 0-08-023100-4, pp413

O’Mera, Andy., “No Alternatives: Technology Spontaneously Approaching ‘Humanity’ with the Passage of Time” http://kszu.standord.edu/uwi/br/no-alt.html

Gabrial Brahm Jr. and Mark Driscoll; “Prosthetic Territories, Politics and Hypertechnologies”, Westview Press, (1995), ISBN 0-8133-2369-X, pp 302

Donna Haraway, “Simians, Cyborgs, and Women The Reinventetion of Nature”, Routledge, (1991), ISBN 0-415-90386-6, pp287

Anna Balsamo, “Technologies of the Gendered Body”, (1996), Duke University, ISBN 0-8223-1686-2, pp 219.

Scott Bukatman, “Terminal Identity The virtual Subject in PostModern Science fiction”, Duke University Press, (1993), ISBN 0-8223-1332-4, pp 404

Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and Astrid Lindenmayer, “The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants”, Springer, (1990), ISBN 0-387-94676-4, pp228

Chris Hables Gray, “The Cyborg Handbook”, Routledge, (1995), ISBN 0-415-90848-5, pp 540.

Claus Emmeche, “The Garden in the Machine”, Princeton University Press, (1994), ISBN 0-691-03330-7, pp 199

Susan Blackmore, “The Meme Machine”, Oxford University Press, (1999), ISBN 0 19 850365 2, pp 264

Keith Ansell Pearson, “Viroid Life”, Routledge, (1997), ISBN 0-415-15434-0, pp 204

Richard Brodie, “Virus of the Mind”, Integral Press, (1996), ISBN 0-9636001-1-7. pp 251

Webb, Janeen. ‘Posthuman SF: lost in Cyberspace’ in Strahan, Jonathan, Festival of the Imagination Programme Guide, Perth: Western Australian Science Fiction Foundation, (1996), p 57-61.

John Casti, “Would-be-worlds”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, (1997), ISBN 0-471-123-8-0, pp242

Associative Works

posted Oct 15, 2009, 7:59 AM by google@webetize.com [ updated Jul 23, 2012, 7:06 AM ]

Geological Time Scale

http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/timescale/timescale.html

Evolutionary Timeline

Time

(Myr ago)

Event

4600

Formation of the approximately homogeneous solid Earth by planetesimal accretion

4300

Melting of the Earth due to radioactive and gravitational heating which leads to its differentiated interior structure as well as outgassing of molecules such as water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

4300

Atmospheric water is photodissociated by ultraviolet light to give oxygen atoms which are incorporated into an ozone layer and hydrogen molecules which escape into space

4000

Bombardment of the Earth by planetesimals stops

3800

The Earth's crust solidifies--formation of the oldest rocks found on Earth

3800

Condensation of atmospheric water into oceans

3500-2800

Prokaryotic cell organisms develop

3500-2800

Beginning of photosynthesis by blue-green algae which releases oxygen molecules into the atmosphere and steadily works to strengthen the ozone layer and change the Earth's chemically reducing atmosphere into a chemically oxidizing one

2400

Rise in the concentration of oxygen molecules stops the deposition of uraninites (since they are soluble when combined with oxygen) and starts the deposition of banded iron formations

2000

The Oklo natural fission reactor in Gabon goes into operation

1600

The last reserves of reduced iron are used up by the increasing atmospheric oxygen--last banded iron formations

1500

Eukaryotic cell organisms develop

1500-600

Rise of multicellular organisms

580-545

Fossils of Ediacaran organisms are made

545

Cambrian explosion of hard-bodied organisms

528-526

Fossilization of the Chengjiang site

517-515

Fossilization of the Burgess Shale

500-450

Rise of the fish--first vertebrates

430

Waxy coated algae begin to live on land

420

Millipedes have evolved--first land animals

375

The Appalachian mountains are formed via a plate tectonic collision between North America, Africa, and Europe

375

Appearance of primitive sharks

350-300

Rise of the amphibians

350

Primitive insects have evolved

350

Primitive ferns evolve--first plants with roots

300-200

Rise of the reptiles

300

Winged insects have evolved

280

Beetles and weevils have evolved

250

Permian period mass extinction

230

Roaches and termites have evolved

225

Modern ferns have evolved

225

Bees have evolved

200

Pangaea starts to break apart

200

Primitive crocodiles have evolved

200

Appearance of mammals

145

Archaeopteryx walks the Earth

136

Primitive kangaroos have evolved

100

Primitive cranes have evolved

Modern sharks have evolved

K-T Boundary--extinction of the dinosaurs and beginning of the reign of mammals

Rats, mice, and squirrels have evolved

Herons and storks have evolved

Rabbits and hares have evolved

Primitive monkeys have evolved

Koalas have evolved

Parrots and pigeons have evolved

20-12

The chimpanzee and hominid lines evolve

10-4

Ramapithecus exist

Development of hominid bipedalism

4-1

Australopithecus exist

3.5

The Australopithecus Lucy walks the Earth

Widespread use of stone tools

2-0.01

Most recent ice age

1.6-0.2

Homo erectus exist

1-0.5

Homo erectus tames fire

0.3

Geminga supernova explosion at a distance of roughly 60 pc--roughly as bright as the Moon

0.2-0.03

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis exist

0.05-0

Homo sapiens sapiens exist

0.04-0.012

Homo sapiens sapiens enter Australia from southeastern Asia and North America from northeastern Asia

0.025-0.01

Most recent glaciation--an ice sheet covers much of the northern United States

0.02

Homo sapiens sapiens paint the Altamira Cave

0.012

Homo sapiens sapiens have domesticated dogs in Kirkuk, Iraq

0.01

First permanent Homo sapiens sapiens settlements

0.01

Homo sapiens sapiens learn to use fire to cast copper and harden pottery

0.006

Writing is developed in Sumeria

Modified from Evolutionary Timeline[1] http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/geo_timeline.html

Timeline of Evolutionary Thought

Derived from: Timeline of Evolutionary Thought[71]http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evotmline.html

Time Line of Genetics

1750 B.C.

The Sumerians brew beer.

500 B.C.

The Chinese use moldy soybean curds as an antibiotic to treat boils.

100

Powdered chrysanthemum is used in China as an insecticide.

1590

The microscope is invented by Janssen.

1663

Cells are first described by Hooke.

1675

Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria.

1797

Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox.

1830

Proteins are discovered.

1833

The first enzymes are isolated.

1855

The Escherichia coli (E. Coli) bacterium is discovered. It later becomes a major research, development and production tool for biotechnology.

1863

Mendel, in his study of peas, discovers that traits are transmitted from parents to progeny by discrete, independent units, later called genes. His observations laid the groundwork for the field of genetics.

1869

Miescher discovers DNA in the sperm of trout.

1877

A technique for staining and identifying bacteria is developed by Koch.

1878

The first centrifuge is developed by Laval.

1879

Fleming discovers chromatin, the rod-like structures inside the cell nucleus that later came to be called chromosomes . In Michigan, Darwin devotee William James Beal makes the first clinically controlled crosses of corn in search of colossal yields.

1900

Drosophila (fruit flies) used in early studies of genes.

1902

The term "immunology" first appears.

1906

The term "genetics" is introduced.

1911

The first cancer-causing virus is discovered by Rous.

1914

Bacteria are used to treat sewage for the first time in Manchester, England.

1915

Phages, or bacterial viruses, are discovered.

1919

The word "biotechnology" is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.

1920

The human growth hormone is discovered by Evans and Long.

1928

Fleming discovers penicillin, the first antibiotic.

1938

The term "molecular biology" is coined.

1940

American Oswald Avery demonstrates that DNA is the "transforming factor" and is the material of genes.

1941

The term "genetic engineering" is first used by Danish microbiologist A. Jost in a lecture on sexual reproduction in yeast at the technical Institute in Lwow, Poland.

1942

The electron microscope is used to identify and characterize a bacteriophage - a virus that infects bacteria.

1944

Waksman isolates streptomycin, an effective antibiotic for TB.

1946

Discovery that genetic material from different viruses can be combined to form a new type of virus, an example of genetic recombination.

1947

McClintock discovers transposable elements, or "jumping genes," in corn.

1949

Pauling shows that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" resulting from a mutation in the protein molecule hemoglobin.

1950

Artificial insemination of livestock using frozen semen (a longtime dream of farmers) is successfully accomplished.

1953

Nature publishes James Watson's and Francis Crick's manuscript describing the double helical structure of DNA, which marks the beginning of the modern era of genetics.

1954

Cell-culturing techniques are developed.

1955

An enzyme involved in the synthesis of a nucleic acid is isolated for the first time.

1956

The fermentation process is perfected in Japan. Kornberg discovers the enzyme DNA polymerase I, leading to an understanding of how DNA is replicated.

1958

Sickle cell anemia is shown to occur due to a change of a single amino acid.

1959

Systemic fungicides are developed. The steps in protein biosynthesis are delineated.

1960

Exploiting base pairing, hybrid DNA-RNA molecules are created. Messenger RNA is discovered.

1964

The International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines starts the Green Revolution with new strains of rice that double the yield of previous strains if given sufficient fertilizer.

1965

Harris and Watkins successfully fuse mouse and human cells.

1966

The genetic code is cracked, demonstrating that a sequence of three nucleotide bases (a condon) determines each of 20 amino acids.

1967

The first automatic protein sequencer is perfected.

1969

An enzyme is synthesized in vitro for the first time.

1970

Specific restriction nucleases are identified, opening the way for gene cloning . First complete synthesis of a gene.

1971

Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice genetic material.

1972

The DNA composition of humans is discovered to be 99 percent similar to that of chimpanzees and gorillas . Initial work with embryo transfer.

1973

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA (using restriction enzymes and ligases) and reproduce the new DNA in bacteria.

1974

The National Institutes of Health forms a Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee to oversee recombinant genetic research.

1975

Asilomar Conference (moratorium on genetic engineering research). The first monoclonal antibodies are produced.

1976

The tools of recombinant DNA are first applied to a human inherited disorder . Molecular hybridization is used for the prenatal diagnosis of alpha thalassemia . Yeast genes are expressed in E. coli bacteria . DNA sequencing discovered; first working synthetic gene.

1977

First expression of human gene in bacteria . Methods for reading DNA sequence using electrophoresis are discovered.

1978

High-level structure of virus first identified . Recombinant human insulin first produced . North Carolina scientists show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.

1979

Human growth hormone first synthesized.

1980

The U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, approves the principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms, which allows the Exxon oil company to patent an oil-eating microorganism . The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer . The first gene-synthesizing machines are developed . Researchers successfully introduce a human gene - one that codes for the protein interferon - into a bacterium.

1981

Scientists at Ohio University produce the first transgenic animals by transferring genes from other animals into mice . Chinese scientist become the first to clone a fish - a golden carp.

1982

Applied Biosystems, Inc., introduces the first commercial gas phase protein sequencer, dramatically reducing the amount of protein sample needed for sequencing.

1983

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived. PCR, which uses heat and enzymes to make unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, later becomes a major tool in biotech research and product development worldwide . The first genetic transformation of plant cells by TI plasmids is performed . The first artificial chromosome is synthesized . The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found.

1984

The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed . The first genetically engineered vaccine is developed . The entire genome of the HIV virus is cloned and sequenced.

1985

Genetic marking found for kidney disease and cystic fibrosis.Genetic fingerprinting enters the courtroom. Genetically engineered plants resistant to insects, viruses and bacteria are field tested for the first time . The NIH approves guidelines for performing experiments in gene therapy on humans.

1986

University of California, Berkeley chemist describes how to combine antibodies and enzymes (abzymes) to create pharmaceuticals . The first field tests of genetically engineered plants (tobacco) are conducted . The Environmental Protection Agency approves the release of the first genetically engineered crop - gene-altered tobacco plants.

1987

First field trials of a genetically altered bacterium . Frostban, a genetically altered bacterium that inhibits frost formation on crop plants, is field tested on strawberry and potato plants in California, the first authorized outdoor tests of an engineered bacterium.

1988

A patent for a process to make bleach-resistant protease enzymes to use in detergents is awarded . Congress funds the Human Genome Project, a massive effort to map and sequence the human genetic code as well as the genomes of other species.

1989

First field trial of a recombinant viral crop protectant.

1990

Chy-Max(tm), an artificially produced form of chymosin, an enzyme for cheese-making is introduced. It is the first product of recombinant DNA technology in the U.S. food supply . Human Genome Project - an international effort to map all of the genes in the human body - is launched . The first federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a 4-year-old girl suffering from an immune disorder . The first successful field trial of genetically engineered cotton plants is conducted. The plants had been engineered to withstand use of the herbicide Bromoxynil . The first transgenic dairy cow - used to produce human milk proteins for infant formula - is created.

1992

American and British scientists unveil a technique for testing embryos in vitro for genetic abnormalities such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.

1993

The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" and do not require special regulation . The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) is created by merging two smaller trade associations.

1994

The FLAVRSAVR(tm) tomato - the first genetically engineered whole food approved by the FDA is on the market . The first breast cancer gene is discovered . Approval of genetically engineered version of human DNAase, which breaks down protein accumulation in the lungs of CF patients.

1995

The first baboon-to-human bone marrow transplant is performed on an AIDS patient . The first full gene sequence of a living organism other than a virus is completed for the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae . Gene therapy, immune system modulation and genetically engineered antibodies enter the clinics in the war against cancer.

1996

The discovery of a gene associated with Parkinson's disease provides an important new avenue of research into the cause and potential treatment of the debilitating neurological ailment.

1997

Scottish scientists report cloning a sheep, named Dolly, using DNA from adult sheep cells . A group of Oregon researchers claims to have cloned two Rhesus monkeys . A new DNA technique combines PCR, DNA chips and a computer program providing a new tool in the search for disease-causing genes.

1998

The first complete animal genome for the elegans worm is sequenced . A rough draft of the human genome map is produced, showing the locations of more than 30,000 genes .

Anti-Human Theology: Nature, Technology and the Post-Natural

Publication Date: May 17 2010 | Series: Scm Revisioning Ethics

Peter Manley Scott offers a theological and ethical reading of our present situation. Due to the vigour of its re-engineering of the world by its technologies, western society has entered into a postnatural condition in which standard divisions between the natural and the artificial are no longer convincing. This postnatural development is liberating - both theologically and politically. Scott develops an 'anthropology' that does not repeat Christianity's history of anthropocentrism but instead criticises it by exploring the mutual entanglement of animals, humans and other creatures. Deeply disrespectful of traditional centres of power, his ethical critiques of 'pioneering' technologies expose their anti-social and anti-ecological tendencies and identify possible paths of oppositional political action. This is ethical theology at its best: deeply informed by theological tradition, immersed in contemporary political-technological problematics in radically oppositional ways, and yet fiercely hopeful of a good outcome for animals-human and non-human-and other life in history. Dr Peter Manley Scott is Senior Lecturer in Christian Social Thought and Director of the Lincoln Theological Institute at the University of Manchester, UK.

Anti-Human Theology: Nature, Technology and the Post-Natural

Publication Date: May 17 2010 | Series: Scm Revisioning Ethics

http://www.techandreligion.com/Resources/Scott%20review.pdf

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